# Spain: taxes, residence and cost of living

Source: https://domicile.wiki/places/spain/ (domicile.wiki, researched 2026-10-16). Data licence CC BY-SA 4.0. Research, not tax or legal advice.

## At a glance

For an EU-citizen family of five living off a EUR 30M portfolio (the guide's default reader).

- Score for a wealthy family: 60 / 100
- Can EU citizens live here?: free: register as an EU citizen
- Can US citizens live here?: income of €28,800 a year · Non-lucrative residence visa
- Other passports: income of €28,800 a year · Non-lucrative residence visa
- Tax on a €30M portfolio: €802,867 a year
- Wealth tax: yes
- Children inherit: taxed
- Living costs, family of five: €246,310 a year
- EU member: yes
- Currency: EUR
- Capital: Madrid

## Tax on investments, inheritance and wealth

Spain taxes residents' capital gains and dividends at up to 30% and levies an annual wealth tax plus a solidarity tax on fortunes above EUR 3m. Inheritance and gift tax is paid by the heir; the regions control it, and most rebate 99-100% for children, while Catalonia, Asturias, Aragón, Galicia and Navarra tax large inheritances heavily. Region of residence decides much of the outcome (see subnational file). Newcomers taking a Spanish job or directorship can use the 6-year Beckham regime, which exempts foreign investment income.

- **Ordinary tax residence (state rules)**: Resident individual taxed on worldwide income and wealth; state rules shown (regional variations in the subnational file).
- **Special regime for inbound workers (art. 93 LIRPF, 'Beckham law')**: For 6 tax years (year of arrival + 5) the person is taxed like a non-resident: foreign-source dividends, interest and capital gains are not taxed; Spanish-source savings income is taxed at 19-30%; employment income at 24% up to EUR 600,000 and 47% above. Wealth tax only on Spanish assets.
- **Family holding company (S.L., sociedad patrimonial) taxed at 25%**: The family holds its listed shares through a Spanish S.L. (corporate income tax 25%, art. 29.1 LIS). A company whose assets are mostly securities is an 'entidad patrimonial' (art. 5.2 LIS): it gets no reduced CIT rate (art. 29.1 LIS) and its shares get no wealth-tax or inheritance-tax business exemption (art. 4.Ocho.Dos.a LIP). The 95% participation exemption (art. 21 LIS) needs a stake of at least 5% held for a year, which a diversified listed portfolio never reaches (the old EUR 20 million cost alternative was removed from 1 January 2021 by art. 65 Ley 11/2020), so dividends and gains are taxed at 25%; foreign withholding on dividends is credited (art. 31 LIS). Distributions to the family are dividends in the savings base, taxed at up to 30% (arts. 25, 66, 76 LIRPF). Wealth tax and inheritance tax fall on the family's shares as for direct holding, so the regional rules apply.

## Income tax

Resident income tax is the sum of a state and a regional scale. For Madrid the combined marginal rates on the general base run 18% to 45% (43% from EUR 60,000, 45% above EUR 300,000). Employee social security is 6.5% (capped at the maximum monthly base EUR 5,101.20, EUR 61,214.40 a year); autonomos pay 31.5% on a chosen base within the same maximum. The recorded personal allowance is the EUR 5,550 personal minimum; strictly it is taxed at the lowest rates rather than deducted, and employees also get a EUR 2,000 expenses deduction (not modelled).

## How to get residence

EU citizens only register. Non-EU citizens (US and others) can use the non-lucrative visa (EUR 28,800 a year of passive income, no work), the digital nomad visa (about EUR 34,000 a year of foreign remote income), or an entrepreneur or work permit. The golden visa ended on 3 April 2025.

- **EU/EEA free movement (certificado de registro)** (Free movement; EU citizens; open): EU citizens enter freely and register in Spain after 3 months.
- **Non-lucrative residence visa** (Passive income / retirement; US citizens, other passports; open): Residence for people who live on savings or passive income and do not work in Spain. Income of 400% of IPREM, EUR 28,800 a year in 2026.
- **Digital nomad visa (teleworker, Ley 28/2022)** (Digital nomad; US citizens, other passports; open): For remote workers employed by or serving clients outside Spain; income of EUR 2,849 a month (about EUR 34,188 a year) in 2026 per one source.
- **Entrepreneur visa (Ley 14/2013, arts. 70-75)** (Entrepreneur; US citizens, other passports; open): For founders of a business activity of innovative character and special economic interest, approved by ENISA.
- **Investor visa / golden visa (Ley 14/2013, art. 63)** (Investor residence; US citizens, other passports; closed to new applicants): The EUR 500,000 property route (and other investment routes) no longer exists for new applicants.
- **Work permits (employee, highly qualified professional)** (Work; US citizens, other passports; open): Non-EU workers generally need a job offer and an employer-filed permit; highly qualified professionals have a faster route under Ley 14/2013.

Citizenship: General rule: 10 years of legal, continuous residence immediately before applying, a Spanish A2 language certificate (DELE) and the CCSE civics test; shorter periods for refugees (5 years) and, per general knowledge not re-sourced, 2 years for Ibero-American nationals, Andorra, Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Portugal and Sephardic descendants.

## Inheritance law and trusts

Under the common law, children are guaranteed two thirds of the estate and a will cannot remove it. A foreign national resident can choose their national law under the EU Succession Regulation. Foral regions differ, and Spain has no trust law and no private family foundation.

## Daily life (0-100, higher is better)

- Safety and personal security: 75
- Political and institutional stability: 61
- Corruption and government integrity: 58
- Legal system and property rights: 69
- Healthcare quality and access: 89
- Education quality: 55
- Human development and quality of life: 84
- Infrastructure and connectivity: 91
- Cost of living and housing: 69
- Business opportunities and economy: 70
- Cultural fit and lifestyle: 52

## Research notes

### Spain — family-office tax dossier

Last reviewed: 2026-10-16
Tax year: 2026
Reviewer: research agent (Claude), unreviewed by a tax adviser

#### Summary

Spain taxes resident individuals on worldwide income and wealth. Capital gains and dividends are savings income taxed at 19% to 30% (30% above EUR 300,000 of savings income since 2025). Spain has an annual wealth tax (Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio, IP) and a complementary state solidarity tax on large fortunes (ITSGF) above EUR 3m. Inheritance and gift tax (ISD) is paid by the heir or donee. The 15 common-regime regions set the wealth-tax allowance, scale and rebates and almost all ISD parameters, so the region of residence decides much of the result. Navarra and the Basque Country have their own foral tax systems. All regional detail is in `ESP-regions.md` and `data/subnational/ESP.json`; this file records the state rules, which the JSON uses as the national standard.

Newcomers who take a Spanish job, a directorship or an approved entrepreneurial activity can elect the Beckham regime (art. 93 LIRPF) for 6 tax years: foreign investment income is then untaxed and wealth tax applies only to Spanish assets.

#### Residence and eligibility

- Tax residence (art. 9 LIRPF; PwC Residence, reviewed 30 June 2026): more than 183 days in Spain in the calendar year (sporadic absences count unless foreign residence is proven), or Spain as the main centre of economic interests; rebuttable presumption if the non-separated spouse and minor children live in Spain. Nationals moving to a tax haven remain resident for that year and the next 4.
- Region of residence (art. 28 Ley 22/2009): for IRPF and IP the region where most days of the tax year are spent; for ISD the region where the deceased (or the donee, for gifts of movables) spent most days of the previous 5 years.
- Routes: EU/EEA citizens register (certificado de registro). US and other citizens: non-lucrative residence visa (passive means, private health insurance, no work), international teleworker, highly qualified professional or entrepreneur permits (Ley 14/2013). The investor "golden visa" (art. 63 Ley 14/2013) was left without content from 3 April 2025 by Ley Orgánica 1/2025 (BOE consolidated text checked).

#### Capital gains

- Rule: gains on the transfer of assets are savings income (arts. 46, 49 LIRPF). Combined state + regional savings scale (arts. 66 and 76 LIRPF, as amended by Ley 7/2024 from 2025): 19% to EUR 6,000; 21% to 50,000; 23% to 200,000; 27% to 300,000; 30% above. Regions cannot alter this scale, so it is national in the common regime.
- JSON: `headline_rate` 0.30; all `rates` 0.30 (top marginal rate for a large gain; no holding period).
- Real estate: same scale; the municipal land-value tax (IIVTNU) on Spanish land is extra and not included.
- Main home: exempt if reinvested in a new main home, or for sellers aged 65+.
- Exit tax (art. 95 bis): residents for 10 of the last 15 years leaving Spain are taxed on unrealised gains on shares worth more than EUR 4m (or EUR 1m with a stake above 25%); deferral for EU/EEA moves.
- Funds (IIC) can be switched tax-free (traspasos).
- Professional trader: securities gains stay savings income for a private investor; only an organised business would move income into the general base (up to about 45-54%).
- Foreign assets: worldwide taxation with a foreign tax credit (art. 80); Modelo 720 reporting above EUR 50,000 per asset class.

#### Dividends

- Rule: dividends are savings income at 19%-30%, domestic and foreign alike; no exemption for individuals.
- JSON: `headline_rate`, `domestic_rate`, `foreign_gross_rate` 0.30; `foreign_tax_credit` "credit" (art. 80, limited to the treaty rate and the Spanish tax on that income).
- Outbound WHT (PwC Withholding taxes, reviewed 30 June 2026): 19% to non-residents; 0% to qualifying EU parents (5% for one year); treaty rates mostly 0-15%. PwC's table lists 92 treaty entries.

#### Inheritance and gifts to children

- Rule (Ley 29/1987, state rules): tax on each heir. Group II (descendants aged 21+, spouse, ascendants) reduction EUR 15,956.87 (art. 20.2.a); state scale 7.65% to 34% above EUR 797,555.08 (art. 21.2); multiplier 1.0 to 1.2 by the heir's own pre-existing wealth (1.2 above EUR 4,020,770.98) (art. 22).
- JSON: `basis` beneficiary, `children_treatment` taxed, `exemption` 15,956.87, `brackets` = the state scale (multiplier 1.0). A EUR 10m inheritance costs about 33.2% under the state rules.
- Gifts: same scale and multipliers, without the parent-child reduction; gifts within 3 years accumulate. `gifts_same_as_inheritance` false.
- Business relief: 95% reduction for qualifying family businesses (art. 20.2.c, 20.6); not for listed portfolios.
- Scope: Spanish-resident heirs are taxed on worldwide acquisitions with credit for foreign inheritance tax (art. 23). Non-resident heirs pay only on Spanish-situs assets and can apply the rules of the region where the deceased lived (DA 2ª, after CJEU C-127/12). No tail after leaving Spain.
- Regional rules matter most here: 99-100% rebates in Madrid, Andalucía, Valencia, Murcia, La Rioja, Castilla y León, Extremadura, Canarias (99.9%), Cantabria and Baleares (100%); heavy tax for children in Catalonia, Asturias, Aragón, Galicia and Navarra; flat 1.5% in the Basque Country. Ceuta and Melilla: 99% rebate if the deceased lived there for 5 years (art. 23 bis).
- Surviving spouse (national rules): Group II with the EUR 15,956.87 reduction and the same state scale as adult children (7.65%-34%, about 33% on a large estate); regional rebates are in the subnational file.

#### Wealth tax

- IP (Ley 19/1991): annual tax on worldwide net wealth at 31 December. State allowance EUR 700,000 per person (art. 28); main home exempt up to EUR 300,000 per person (art. 4.Nueve); qualifying family-business shares exempt (art. 4.Ocho), but not shares in a company that mainly holds securities (art. 4.Ocho.Dos.a). The allowance and scale are fixed by statute and not indexed to prices (arts. 28 and 30), so `thresholds_indexed` is false. State scale (art. 30): 0.2% to EUR 167,129.45; 0.3%; 0.5%; 0.9%; 1.3%; 1.7%; 2.1%; 3.5% above EUR 10,695,996.06.
- Joint limit (art. 31): IRPF + IP capped at 60% of the IRPF base (savings-base gains on assets held over a year excluded), but the IP may be cut by at most 80%. For a low-yield portfolio this can reduce the IP substantially. JSON `income_cap`: `share_of_income` 0.6, `max_reduction` 0.8, `counts_long_term_gains` false; applied per spouse, and with a 50/50 split the couple's figures are twice one spouse's (art. 3.Doce Ley 38/2022 for the ITSGF).
- ITSGF (art. 3 Ley 38/2022): complementary state tax on net wealth above EUR 3m; EUR 700,000 allowance; 0% on the first EUR 3m of base, 1.7% to EUR 5,347,998.03, 2.1% to EUR 10,695,996.06, 3.5% above; regional IP actually paid is deducted. Originally for 2022-2023; extended "until the review of wealth taxation in the regional-financing reform" (RDL 8/2023). Not applied in Navarra and the Basque Country, which exact it under their own rules (Convenio DA 8ª, Concierto DA 5ª).
- JSON: `type` broad; one component, `net_wealth_worldwide`, written for the reference married couple owning the wealth 50/50 and taxed separately (each spouse files, with their own EUR 700,000 allowance and EUR 300,000 main-home exemption). The couple's tax is exactly 2 x the single-person tax on half the wealth, so `exempt_amount` is 2,000,000 (2 x (700,000 + 300,000); the engine passes the whole net wealth including the home, so the home exemption is folded into the allowance) and every bracket limit is doubled (single limits 167,129.45; 334,252.88; 668,499.75; 1,336,999.51; 2,673,999.01; 5,347,998.03; 10,695,996.06 become 334,258.90; 668,505.76; 1,336,999.50; 2,673,999.02; 5,347,998.02; 10,695,996.06; 21,391,992.12). Unequal ownership would cost more and is not modelled. Under the state scale the IP always exceeds the ITSGF, so the ITSGF adds nothing. The state rules apply as such in Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y León, Aragón, Canarias (state scale and allowance), Ceuta and Melilla (75% rebate only for assets located there, art. 33).
- Municipal property tax (IBI) and IIVTNU are ordinary local taxes, not modelled as wealth tax.

#### Special regimes

**Beckham regime (art. 93 LIRPF)** — `beckham_art93`:
- Eligibility: not resident in the previous 5 years; moving because of a Spanish employment contract (including remote work under the international telework visa), becoming a company director (for a holding/patrimonial company only without a stake of 25% or more), an approved entrepreneurial activity, or highly qualified start-up/R&D work. Election within 6 months. Spouse and children under 25 can join. A pure investor without a job or directorship does not qualify.
- Duration: year of arrival plus 5 (JSON `duration_years` 6).
- Taxation: taxed under non-resident rules: employment income 24% to EUR 600,000 and 47% above (worldwide); other Spanish-source income: savings income 19%-30% (art. 93.2.e).2º: 19% to EUR 6,000, 21% to 50,000, 23% to 200,000, 27% to 300,000, 30% above). Resolved 2026-10-15 from the BOE consolidated LIRPF: the 30% top band was added by disposición final 7.3 of Ley 7/2024 (BOE-A-2024-26694) with effect from 1 January 2025; PwC's page (reviewed June 2026) still shows the old 28% and is out of date. Foreign dividends and gains are not taxed: JSON foreign rates 0, domestic 0.30.
- Wealth tax: real obligation, Spanish assets only (state scale, EUR 700,000 allowance), plus ITSGF on Spanish assets above about EUR 3.7m.
- Inheritance: unchanged (the person remains IRPF-resident; ISD personal obligation).
- Not available in Navarra or the Basque Country (own impatriate regimes, not modelled).

#### Holding structures

**Modelled: Spanish family holding company (S.L., `holding_sl`, type `structure`).** The family holds its listed shares through an S.L. taxed at 25% (art. 29.1 LIS).

- **Company level:** an S.L. whose assets are mostly securities is an entidad patrimonial (art. 5.2 LIS) and cannot use the reduced CIT rates. The 95% exemption of art. 21 LIS needs a stake of at least 5% held one year (and, for foreign investees, tax of at least 10% nominal), which a diversified listed portfolio never reaches; the EUR 20m alternative was removed from 1 January 2021 (art. 65 Ley 11/2020). Gains and dividends are therefore taxed at 25%, with foreign withholding credited up to the Spanish tax on that income (art. 31 LIS). JSON: gains and dividends 0.25, foreign tax credit `credit`.
- **Payout:** dividends to resident individuals are savings income at 19%-30% (arts. 25, 66, 76 LIRPF); `payout_tax_rate` 0.30, as for direct holding. Spanish withholding of 19% is credited against the personal tax.
- **Costs:** annual running cost EUR 3,300 (an estimate from one online gestoria price list plus filing the accounts) and set-up cost EUR 3,000; the running cost is deductible at the 25% CIT rate (`running_cost_deductible_at` 0.25).
- **Wealth and inheritance:** the family's shares get no wealth-tax business exemption (art. 4.Ocho.Dos.a LIP) nor the 95% inheritance-tax reduction, so the regional rules apply as for direct holding.
- **Getting assets in:** contributing existing shares is a disposal taxed in the contributor's IRPF (savings scale), so the structure suits cash or newly bought assets.
- **Exit and liquidation:** liquidation is taxed at 25% on latent gains in the company, then the shareholders pay savings tax on the proceeds above the cost of their shares. On death the heirs' shares are stepped up but the company keeps its historic cost, so the latent gain inside is still taxed at 25%.
- **Anti-avoidance:** the general anti-abuse rule (art. 15 LGT) can recharacterise arrangements without a business purpose; statutory audit is assumed not required (art. 263 LSC, not opened).
- **Not scored:** a SICAV's 1% rate is out of reach for one family (100 shareholders, art. 9.4 Ley 35/2003, referred to by art. 29.4 LIS). A private foundation cannot be used: Spanish foundations must serve general-interest purposes and may not be set up mainly to benefit the founder or relatives to the fourth degree (arts. 2 and 3 Ley 50/2002). Spain has no domestic trust law; a foreign trust is treated as transparent, its assets staying with the settlor (not opened).

#### Company taxation (kept separate from personal tax)

CIT 25%; SMEs 23% in 2026 (falling to 20% by 2029); start-ups 15% (PwC, reviewed 30 June 2026). Participation exemption: 95% of qualifying dividends and gains (at least 5% held one year, art. 21 LIS; the EUR 20 million alternative was removed from 2021). Canary Islands ZEC 4% for qualifying substance; ETVE holding regime; SICAV 1% regime with stricter investor requirements since 2022. A company does not shelter a family portfolio from the 30% personal rate on distribution.

#### Cost of living notes

City: Madrid.

- **School:** Runnymede College Sixth Form EUR 7,900 per term for 2026-27 (EUR 23,700 a year, plus a EUR 3,500 enrolment fee).
- Prime family rent: EUR 5,200/month. Estimate for an upper-middle-class 4-bedroom family flat (about 215 m2, midpoint of 180-250 m2) in Madrid: the mean of the Q2-2026 asking rents per m2 per month in Chamartin (EUR 24.29), Chamberi (26.51), Retiro (25.37) and Moncloa-Aravaca (19.86), i.e. EUR 24.0/m2, times 215 m2 = about EUR 5,160, rounded to EUR 5,200. Derived from a district report, not from 4-bedroom listings (idealista, fotocasa and pisos.com could not be read automatically). Replaces the earlier LuxuryEstate.com median of EUR 8,000, which included La Moraleja villas. Source: Brains Real Estate: Alquiler de pisos en Madrid, Q2-2026 (updated 1 Oct 2026).
- **Prime price per m²: EUR 7,816.** Median asking price per m² of 71 homes for sale in Madrid on LuxuryEstate.com (first five result pages, EUR 500,000+ and 80 m²+; interquartile range EUR 5,833-11,714).
- Health insurance and housekeeper costs were not sourced and are omitted rather than guessed.

Regional cities (Barcelona, Marbella, Palma, Valencia, Tenerife, San Sebastián) are in `ESP-regions.md`.

#### Open questions

- ITSGF has no end date; a reform of regional financing could replace or end it.
- New arrivals: regional ISD benefits depend on the deceased having spent most days of the prior 5 years in that region; days abroad count for no region. Practical application for a family that arrived recently should be confirmed with an adviser.
- Whether Beckham taxpayers can use regional IP allowances/rebates was not verified.
- Family rent (EUR 5,200) is derived from district asking rents per m2 times 215 m2, not from 4-bedroom listings; check against idealista or fotocasa listings in Chamberi/Chamartin.
- Spanish trusts and foundations: Spain has no domestic trust law and its foundation law excludes family-benefit foundations (arts. 2-3 Ley 50/2002); the tax treatment of a foreign trust set up by a resident settlor (DGT transparency doctrine) was taken from a secondary summary, not from the consultas themselves.
- S.L. holding running cost (EUR 3,300 a year) is an estimate from one online gestoria price list plus the filing of annual accounts, not a quote for a EUR 30m portfolio; the statutory audit exemption (art. 263 LSC) was not opened.

#### Sources

- Ley 35/2006 del IRPF (consolidated) — https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2006-20764
- Ley 19/1991 del Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio (consolidated) — https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1991-14392
- Ley 38/2022, art. 3, ITSGF (consolidated) — https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2022-22684
- Ley 29/1987 del ISD (consolidated) — https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1987-28141
- Ley 22/2009, art. 28 — https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2009-20375
- Ley 14/2013, art. 63 — https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2013-10074
- PwC, Spain individual other taxes — https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/spain/individual/other-taxes
- PwC, Spain taxes on personal income — https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/spain/individual/taxes-on-personal-income
- PwC, Spain other issues (expatriate regime) — https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/spain/individual/other-issues
- PwC, Spain residence — https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/spain/individual/residence
- PwC, Spain corporate income taxes — https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/spain/corporate/taxes-on-corporate-income
- PwC, Spain withholding taxes — https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/spain/corporate/withholding-taxes
- Runnymede College Madrid fees 2026-2027 — https://www.runnymede-college.com/admissions/fees
- LuxuryEstate.com, luxury properties for rent in Madrid — https://www.luxuryestate.com/rent/spain/community-of-madrid/province-of-madrid/madrid
- LuxuryEstate.com, luxury properties for sale in Madrid — https://www.luxuryestate.com/spain/community-of-madrid/province-of-madrid/madrid
- [Spain - Corporate - Income determination](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/spain/corporate/income-determination) — PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries (professional)
- Ley 50/2002 de Fundaciones, arts. 2 and 3 (consolidated) — https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2002-25180
- Ley 27/2014 del Impuesto sobre Sociedades (consolidated: arts. 5, 21, 29, 31) — https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2014-12328
- PwC, Spain corporate income determination (last reviewed 30 June 2026) — https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/spain/corporate/income-determination
- TeamSystem Quipu: cuanto cuesta crear una Sociedad Limitada (updated 17 July 2026) — https://getquipu.com/blog/cuanto-cuesta-crear-sl/
- Gestoria247: tarifa 2026 para sociedades — https://gestoria247.com/sociedades/precios
- Brains Real Estate: Alquiler de pisos en Madrid, Q2-2026: https://brainsre.news/alquiler-pisos-madrid/

#### Change log
- 2026-10-15: initial research.
- 2026-10-15 (data-quality pass): added Madrid prime rent (EUR 8,000/month) and prime price per m² (EUR 7,816) from a LuxuryEstate.com listing sample; resolved the Beckham-regime top savings rate (30% from 2025 per BOE, DF 7.3 Ley 7/2024; PwC's 28% is out of date) and removed that open question.
- 2026-10-15: flagged `beckham_art93` as requiring employment or a qualifying activity (`requires_qualifying_activity`), so it is no longer used as the best regime for a passive investor family unless the user opts in.
- 2026-10-15: added a Holding structures section and a holding_company_notes sentence explaining why no holding structure is scored.
- 2026-10-15: family rent re-checked against the upper-middle-class standard: changed from EUR 8,000 to EUR 5,200 (Chamartin, Chamberi, Retiro, Moncloa-Aravaca).
- 2026-10-16: added surviving-spouse treatment.
- 2026-10-16 (recipes ES-MD, ES-CT): wealth-tax component rewritten for a married couple owning 50/50 (allowance EUR 2,000,000 = 2 x (700,000 + 300,000 main home), bracket limits doubled; thresholds_indexed false, not indexed by statute); added the structure regime `holding_sl` (Spanish S.L., CIT 25%, art. 21 LIS exemption needs a 5% stake: the EUR 20 million alternative was removed from 2021 by Ley 11/2020); holding_company_notes now explains why no private foundation or trust is scored; art. 21 LIS verified; two open questions added. Sources: BOE texts of LIS, LIP, LIRPF, Ley 50/2002; PwC corporate pages.


## Residence and succession sources

- [Non-Lucrative Visa Spain 2026: income requirement](https://www.costaluzlawyers.com/non-lucrative-visa-spain-income-requirement-2026/) — CostaLuz Lawyers
- [Spain Digital Nomad Visa 2026](https://remoteworkeurope.eu/insights/spain-digital-nomad-visa-2026/) — Remote Work Europe
- [End of the golden visa in Spain: new criteria for investors](https://www.arc-legal.es/en/end-of-the-golden-visa-in-spain-new-criteria-for-investors/) — ARC Legal
- [Your Europe: Residence rights in another EU country](https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/residence/residence-rights/index_en.htm) — European Union
- [Application for Spanish nationality by residence](https://entretramites.com/en/immigration/spanish-nationality-by-residence) — Entre Tramites
- [Ley 14/2013 de apoyo a los emprendedores (consolidated)](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2013-10074) — BOE
- [Spain to stop granting golden visas to foreigners from 3 April](https://barcelona.cat/internationalwelcome/en/news/spain-to-stop-granting-golden-visas-to-foreigners-from-3-april-1490680) — Barcelona City Council
- [Spanish Civil Code (BOE)](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1889-4763) — Boletin Oficial del Estado
- [Forced Heirship in Spain: The Legitima and Its Regional Map](https://www.recordinglaw.com/spain/inheritance-law/forced-heirship/) — Recording Law
- [European e-Justice: Successions, Spain](https://e-justice.europa.eu/topics/family-matters-inheritance/inheritance/succession/es_en) — European Commission
- [HCCH status table: 1985 Trusts Convention](https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=59) — Hague Conference on Private International Law
- [Regulation (EU) 650/2012 on succession](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2012/650/oj) — European Union