# Bulgaria: taxes, residence and cost of living

Source: https://domicile.wiki/places/bulgaria/ (domicile.wiki, researched 2026-10-16). Data licence CC BY-SA 4.0. Research, not tax or legal advice.

## At a glance

For an EU-citizen family of five living off a EUR 30M portfolio (the guide's default reader).

- Score for a wealthy family: 72 / 100
- Can EU citizens live here?: free: register as an EU citizen
- Can US citizens live here?: Long-term residence for retirees / passive income (type D visa)
- Other passports: Long-term residence for retirees / passive income (type D visa)
- Tax on a €30M portfolio: €22,995 a year · Bulgarian family holding company (EOOD)
- Wealth tax: none
- Children inherit: tax-free
- After 60 years: €236,335,000 of €30,000,000 (with no tax at all: €286,928,000)
- Living costs, family of five: €156,643 a year
- EU member: yes
- Currency: EUR
- Capital: Sofia

## Tax on investments, inheritance and wealth

Bulgaria adopted the euro on 1 January 2026. It taxes residents' dividends at 5% and other income at a 10% flat rate. Gains on shares sold on EU/EEA regulated markets are exempt; gains realised on US exchanges are taxed at about 9% effective. There is no wealth tax, and transfers to children by gift or inheritance are tax-free.

- **Ordinary tax residence**: Bulgarian tax residence: worldwide income at a 10% flat rate; dividends 5%.
- **Bulgarian family holding company (EOOD)**: The family holds its listed shares through a Bulgarian single-member limited company (EOOD) paying corporate income tax at 10% (ZKPO art. 20). Gains on shares traded on EU/EEA regulated markets, and on third-country markets the European Commission has found equivalent (the United States, Australia and Hong Kong), are taken out of the tax base (ZKPO art. 44). Dividends from EU/EEA companies are excluded (art. 27(1) item 1); dividends from other countries bear 10% with a credit for the foreign withholding, which at 15% leaves nothing to pay. Payouts to the resident owner bear a 5% final tax. No inheritance tax for children, so the estate result is the same as for direct holding.

## Income tax

Flat 10% personal income tax on worldwide income of residents, with some exceptions. Employee contributions 10.58% social security plus 3.2% health (13.78% combined) on a maximum monthly insurance base of EUR 2,111.64 from 1 Jan to 31 Jul 2026 and EUR 2,300 from 1 Aug 2026; the recorded cap is the time-weighted annual figure (7 x 2,111.64 + 5 x 2,300 = EUR 26,281.48).

## How to get residence

EU citizens only register. Non-EU citizens (US and others) can get permanent residence by investing about EUR 255,646 in a company that creates 10 jobs, or about EUR 511,000 in funds; digital nomads need about EUR 31,000 a year of foreign income. Citizenship by investment ended in 2022.

- **EU/EEA/Swiss free movement (registration)** (Free movement; EU citizens; open): EU, EEA and Swiss citizens may live in Bulgaria and register with the Migration Directorate after 3 months; permanent residence after 5 years.
- **Residence by investment: Bulgarian company with 10 jobs** (Investor residence; US citizens, other passports; open): Permanent residence for investing about EUR 255,646 (BGN 500,000) in a Bulgarian company that creates and keeps 10 full-time jobs.
- **Residence by investment: regulated Bulgarian funds** (Investor residence; US citizens, other passports; open): Permanent residence for about EUR 511,000 (BGN 1,000,000) in licensed Bulgarian funds held for five years.
- **Residence by investment: real estate** (Investor residence; US citizens, other passports; closed to new applicants): A property purchase of BGN 600,000 (about EUR 307,000) was reported as a route, but is probably closed.
- **Digital nomad visa (type D) and residence permit** (Digital nomad; US citizens, other passports; open): For remote workers earning about EUR 31,000 a year (50 monthly minimum wages) from outside Bulgaria; opened in December 2025.
- **Long-term residence for retirees / passive income (type D visa)** (Passive income / retirement; US citizens, other passports; open): Retirees and others with stable foreign income can get a type D visa and annual long-term permit; the required income is not fixed in sources.
- **Work permits (single permit, EU Blue Card)** (Work; US citizens, other passports; open): Non-EU workers need an employer, a work permit and a type D visa; the Blue Card applies to highly qualified roles.
- **Citizenship by investment** (Citizenship by investment; US citizens, other passports; closed to new applicants): Bulgaria's fast-track citizenship for investors no longer exists.

Citizenship: Typically a long-term or permanent residence permit held for at least 5 years, income or occupation, and Bulgarian language; 3 years in some cases (marriage to a Bulgarian citizen, a Bulgarian child per one source).

## Inheritance law and trusts

Children are guaranteed half of the estate with one child and two thirds with two or more, which a will cannot reduce. A foreign national resident can choose the law of their nationality under the EU Succession Regulation. Bulgaria has no trust law; foundations exist but only for non-profit purposes.

## Daily life (0-100, higher is better)

- Safety and personal security: 71
- Political and institutional stability: 55
- Corruption and government integrity: 42
- Legal system and property rights: 51
- Healthcare quality and access: 63
- Education quality: 31
- Human development and quality of life: 69
- Infrastructure and connectivity: 72
- Cost of living and housing: 97
- Business opportunities and economy: 65
- Cultural fit and lifestyle: 51

## Research notes

### Bulgaria — family-office tax dossier

Last reviewed: 2026-10-16
Tax year: 2026
Reviewer: research agent (Claude), unreviewed by a tax adviser

#### Summary

Bulgaria adopted the euro on 1 January 2026. It taxes residents' dividends at 5% and other income at a 10% flat rate. Gains on shares sold on EU/EEA regulated markets are exempt; gains realised on US exchanges are taxed at about 9% effective. There is no wealth tax, and transfers to children by gift or inheritance are tax-free.

Currency: EUR. All amounts are in EUR unless stated.

#### Residence and eligibility

Resident if present more than 183 days in any 12-month period, if the centre of vital interests is in Bulgaria, or with a permanent address in Bulgaria combined with the centre of vital interests there. Treaties override.

- **EU free movement** (EU): EU/EEA/Swiss citizens may reside and register (details not separately verified).
- **Long-stay visa D and residence permit** (US, OTHER): Non-EU nationals need a type D visa and residence permit for a recognised purpose. A digital-nomad permit exists (funds of 50 gross minimum monthly salaries, one year, renewable once). Investment-based routes not verified.

#### Capital gains

Gains on shares (and ETFs) disposed of on a regulated market in the EU/EEA are exempt (Personal Income Taxes Act, art. 13(1)(3)). Other gains on financial assets, including shares sold on US exchanges, are taxed at the 10% flat rate on the annual net result, with a 10% normative expense deduction (ZDDFL art. 33(5), text read 2026-10-16), so 9% effective. Unlisted company shares: 10%. Real estate: one home held over 3 years plus up to two other properties held over 5 years per year are exempt; otherwise 10% on the gain less a 10% deduction.

**Exemptions and thresholds:** EU/EEA regulated-market disposals: exempt. Real estate exemptions per year: one residential property held >3 years and up to two other properties held >5 years (for Bulgarian and EU/EEA residents).

**Exceptions:** The test is the trading venue, not the issuer: SAP sold on Xetra is exempt, sold on NYSE taxable. US exchanges and, since Brexit, the LSE do not qualify per secondary sources; PwC states the exemption was extended from 2021 to 'equivalent third-country' markets, but which markets count was not verified. Losses on financial assets offset only gains of the same year.

**Holding periods:** No holding period for securities. Real estate: 3 years for one home, 5 years for up to two other properties.

**Foreign assets:** Residents are taxed on worldwide gains, reported in the annual return.

**Professional-trader risk:** Individuals pay 10% on financial-asset gains regardless of frequency; trading organised as a sole-trader business would be taxed as business income at 10% plus social contributions (not verified).

**JSON numbers:** headline 0.1; rates {"listed_securities_domestic": 0.0, "listed_securities_foreign": 0.09, "private_business_sale": 0.1, "real_estate_local": 0.0, "real_estate_foreign": null}. Domestic listed (Bulgarian Stock Exchange regulated market): 0%. Foreign listed: 0.09 (net annual gain of all deals less 10% normative expenses, taxed at 10%: ZDDFL art. 33(5), art. 48(1)) assumes a non-EU venue such as NYSE/Nasdaq (10% x 90% of gain); EU/EEA-venue holdings are 0%. Private business sale: 10% on the gain. Real estate local: 0 assumes a property held more than 5 years and within the two-property annual exemption; otherwise about 9%.

2026-10-15: PITA consolidated text (lex.bg) read. From 1 Jan 2026 the exemption covers disposals on a regulated market and/or a growth market, defined via CITA §1 items 70-70a (MFIA art. 152; MiFID II growth markets). US exchanges assumed not to qualify; JSON unchanged.

#### Dividends

Dividends from Bulgarian and foreign companies are taxed at 5% (final). Foreign withholding tax is credited up to the Bulgarian tax, so foreign dividends that already bore 5% or more at source (e.g. 15% US treaty rate) normally owe no further Bulgarian tax.

**JSON numbers:** headline 0.05, domestic 0.05, foreign gross 0.05, relief: credit. 5% final tax on dividends and liquidation proceeds; foreign dividends self-assessed at 5% (ZDDFL art. 38(1) item 2(b), art. 46(3)) with a credit per country and per type of income, limited to the Bulgarian tax on that income (art. 76(2)-(3), read 2026-10-16).

**Outbound withholding:** 5% WHT on dividends to non-residents (treaty reductions); exempt for EU/EEA resident companies except hidden profit distributions.

**Treaties:** 71 double tax treaties, including the US.

#### Inheritance and gifts to children

Inheritance tax is a municipal tax under the Local Taxes and Fees Act, but the surviving spouse and lineal heirs (children, grandchildren, parents) do not pay it (art. 31(2)). Gifts between lineal relatives and between spouses are also not taxed (art. 44(6)). Transfers from parents to children are therefore tax-free, both during life and on death.

**Exemptions and thresholds:** Children: full exemption. For other heirs: BGN 250,000 (about EUR 127,800) per heir non-taxable, then 0.4%-0.8% for siblings and their children and 3.3%-6.6% for others, set by municipality.

**Exceptions:** Notary and registration fees apply to real estate transfers; not quantified. An inheritance declaration may still have to be filed with the municipality.

**Gifts:** No gift tax between lineal relatives or spouses (ZMDT art. 44(6)). Others: 0.4%-0.8% (siblings and their children) or 3.3%-6.6% (others).

**Foreign assets:** Exemption for lineal heirs applies to all assets.

**Scope/domicile:** Scope: Bulgarian citizens on worldwide estate; foreign citizens on property in Bulgaria (ZMDT art. 29). Children exempt in any case.

**JSON numbers:** basis `beneficiary`, children `fully_exempt`, exemption 0, brackets [], other transfer cost 0, gifts same as inheritance: True.
- Surviving spouse: exempt from inheritance tax without limit (art. 31(2) Local Taxes and Fees Act).

#### Wealth tax

Bulgaria has no net wealth tax and no levy on financial assets.

**JSON type:** `none`.

**Property tax (not a wealth tax):** Municipal real estate tax 0.01%-0.45% of the property's tax value, set by each municipality.

#### Special regimes

No special regime for newly arriving wealthy individuals was identified; only ordinary residence is modelled.

##### Family holding company (EOOD, `eood_holding`, structure)

Added 2026-10-16 for the 60-year projection. A single-member limited company owned by the family, paying corporate income tax at 10% (ZKPO art. 20).

- **Gains (ZKPO art. 44):** the accounting result is reduced by profit on disposal of shares, fund units, rights and government securities traded on an EU/EEA regulated market, and (since 1 January 2021) on third-country markets the Commission has found equivalent; the NAP handbook fiche II.IV.1 lists Australia, Hong Kong and the United States. Losses are added back. Other venues (London, Zurich, Tokyo, Toronto) and unlisted shares: 10%. JSON: listed domestic and foreign 0, private business 0.10.
- **Dividends:** from Bulgarian and EU/EEA tax residents excluded (ZKPO art. 27(1) item 1; not for special-purpose investment companies, hidden distributions or distributions deducted by the payer, art. 27(2)). Other countries: 10%, with a credit for foreign tax per country and income type up to the Bulgarian tax (art. 14(2)-(4)); 15% withholding leaves nothing to pay. JSON: domestic 0, foreign gross 0.10, relief: credit.
- **Payout:** 5% final tax on dividends and liquidation shares to a resident individual (ZDDFL art. 38(1) item 2(a), art. 46(3)); no social contributions on dividends.
- **Running cost:** EUR 3,000 a year (accounting and filing), an estimate from a Bulgarian law firm's price guide (EUR 100-250 a month); saves no tax because the base is nil.
- **Inheritance and wealth tax:** as for the standard regime (children exempt; no wealth tax).
- **Why it is scored:** it removes the 9% tax on US-venue gains, which the personal path pays, at the price of the 5% payout tax. Contributing existing low-cost shares would be a disposal for the individual (ZDDFL art. 33).

#### Company taxation (kept separate from personal tax)

CIT rate 0.1. CIT 10% flat; Pillar Two (QDMTT, IIR, UTPR) for large groups. 5% dividend WHT to non-residents, exempt to EU/EEA companies.

#### Cost of living notes

City: Sofia.
- Prime family-home rent (monthly): EUR 2,528 (2026). Median asking rent of 126 house listings of 200-500 m² in Sofia's prime residential areas at the foot of Vitosha and in the centre (Boyana, Dragalevtsi, Simeonovo, Malinova Dolina, Lozenets, Bistritsa, Pancharevo, Center, Izgrev and similar), from all 10 pages of imot.bg 'houses for rent, Sofia' (375 listings) on 15 Oct 2026; range EUR 1,000-10,000. imot.bg itself reports a median of EUR 2,554 for all Sofia house rentals. Source: Къщи под наем в град София, https://www.imot.bg/obiavi/naemi/grad-sofiya/kashta
- International school (annual, per child): EUR 29,021 (2026). Anglo-American School of Sofia, Grades 9-12, 2026-2027: tuition EUR 25,619 plus annual capital fee EUR 3,402 (returning-student total EUR 29,021). New students pay EUR 31,830 in the first year (adds EUR 1,707 entrance capital fee and EUR 1,102 registration fee). Source: Tuition and Fees 2026-2027, https://www.aas-sofia.org/join/tuition-and-fees

Prime purchase price per m², family health insurance and housekeeper cost were not sourced in this round and are omitted rather than guessed.

#### Open questions

- Whether a foreign (e.g. US) exchange can ever qualify for an individual: the 2026 definition (additional provisions §1 item 11(a), SG 113/2025) refers to regulated markets and growth markets; for companies, ZKPO art. 44 also reaches equivalent third-country markets (NAP handbook lists the US). We assume US exchanges do not qualify for individuals.
- Taxation of gains on foreign real estate (treated like local real estate?) not verified.
- (Resolved 2026-10-16: the credit limit is ZDDFL art. 76(3), per country and per type of income.)
- EOOD holding: the list of equivalent third-country markets comes from the NAP handbook fiche, not the Commission decisions; the running cost is an estimate from one law firm's price guide.
- Consolidated statute read from a private legal database, not the State Gazette; notary fee level not verified.
- Art. 29(1) taxes worldwide estate for Bulgarian citizens and Bulgarian-situs property otherwise; irrelevant for children but relevant for other heirs.
- Euro adoption confirmed by PwC and BTA; amounts in older sources are in BGN at 1.95583 per EUR.

#### Sources

- [Bulgaria - Individual - Income determination](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bulgaria/individual/income-determination)
- [Bulgaria - Individual - Significant developments](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bulgaria/individual/significant-developments)
- [Capital Gains from Shares and ETFs - Reporting by Bulgarian Individuals (2026)](https://www.innovires.com/en/blog/kapitalovi-pechalbi-akcii-etf-fizicheski-lica.html)
- [Bulgaria - Individual - Foreign tax relief and tax treaties](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bulgaria/individual/foreign-tax-relief-and-tax-treaties)
- [Bulgaria - Corporate - Withholding taxes](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bulgaria/corporate/withholding-taxes)
- [Bulgaria - Individual - Other taxes](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bulgaria/individual/other-taxes)
- [Zakon za mestnite danatsi i taksite (Local Taxes and Fees Act), consolidated text as amended to SG 55/2026](https://kik-info.com/normativna-baza/zakoni/zmdt/)
- [Oblagane na dareniyata po Zakona za mestnite danatsi i taksi](https://trudipravo.bg/izbrani-statii/oblagane-na-dareniyata-po-zakona-za-mestnite-danatzi-i-taksi/)
- [Bulgaria - Individual - Residence](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bulgaria/individual/residence)
- [Bulgaria - Corporate - Taxes on corporate income](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bulgaria/corporate/taxes-on-corporate-income)
- [Bulgaria - Corporate - Income determination](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bulgaria/corporate/income-determination)
- [Zakon za korporativnoto podohodno oblagane (ZKPO), consolidated text: arts. 14, 20, 27, 44](https://kik-info.com/normativna-baza/zakoni/zkpo/)
- [Fish II.IV.1 - Financial instruments admitted to trading on a regulated market (art. 44 ZKPO), CITA handbook 2025](https://kik-info.com/danatsi/naruchnik-zkpo/v/2025/FISH-II.IV.1.php)
- [Annual cost of running an EOOD in Bulgaria](https://innovires.com/tax-residency/blog/annual-cost-running-eood-bulgaria.html)
- Закон за данъците върху доходите на физическите лица (consolidated, lex.bg): https://lex.bg/laws/ldoc/2135538631
- Къщи под наем в град София: https://www.imot.bg/obiavi/naemi/grad-sofiya/kashta
- Tuition and Fees 2026-2027: https://www.aas-sofia.org/join/tuition-and-fees

#### Change log

- 2026-10-15: initial research.
- 2026-10-15: added Sofia cost of living (imot.bg rent sample, AAS 2026-27 fees); read the 2026 PITA definition of regulated/growth market for the share-gain exemption.
- 2026-10-15: family rent re-checked against the upper-middle-class standard: kept.
- 2026-10-16: added surviving-spouse treatment.
- 2026-10-16: 60-year recipe pass. Added the `eood_holding` structure regime (ZKPO arts. 14, 20, 27, 44; 5% payout tax; EUR 3,000 running cost). Read ZDDFL arts. 13, 33, 38, 46, 76 (lex.bg, to SG 30/2026) and ZMDT arts. 29, 31, 44 (kik-info): personal rates unchanged (5% dividends with credit, 9% on non-EU-venue gains, children exempt); citations added; art. 31 reference for the lineal-heir exemption corrected from 31(2) to 31.


## Residence and succession sources

- [Global Residency Programs Report: Bulgaria 2026](https://www.globalcitizensolutions.com/global-rbi-report/bulgaria-2026/) — Global Citizen Solutions
- [Bulgaria investor residence (reviewed 10 July 2026)](https://visaatlas.org/visas/bulgaria/investor-residence) — Visa Atlas
- [Bulgaria's digital nomad visa (2026): the EUR 31K income rule](https://ulysse.com/news/en/travel/bulgarias-digital-nomad-visa-2026-the-e31k-income-rule-1336) — Ulysse
- [Bulgarian nationality law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_nationality_law) — Wikipedia
- [Bulgarian citizenship for foreign nationals](https://ruskov-law.eu/sofia/article/bulgarian-citizenship-foreign-national.html) — Ruskov Law
- [Your Europe: Residence rights in another EU country](https://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/residence/residence-rights/index_en.htm) — European Union
- [Bulgaria - Individual - Residence](https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/bulgaria/individual/residence) — PwC Worldwide Tax Summaries
- [Bulgaria: permanent residence through company investment and ten jobs](https://wheretoemigrate.io/pathways/bulgaria-permanent-residence-through-eur-255-645-94-company-investment-and-ten-jobs) — WhereToEmigrate
- [Europe's new remote-work destination: Bulgaria introduces digital nomad visa](https://www.businesstoday.in/amp/nri/visa/story/europes-new-remote-work-destination-bulgaria-introduces-digital-nomad-visa-how-to-apply-510340-2026-01-11) — Business Today
- [Retiring in Bulgaria: residency permit through visa type D](https://lawoffice.org.il/en/retiring-in-bulgaria/) — Decker, Pex, Levi Law Firm
- [HCCH status table: Convention of 1 July 1985 on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on their Recognition](https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=59) — Hague Conference on Private International Law
- [European e-Justice portal: Succession](https://e-justice.europa.eu/166/EN/succession) — European Commission
- [Bulgaria Law on Inheritance](https://lex.bg/) — Lex.bg